Please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from Wikipedia or other free sources online. Price points are prices at which demand for a given product stays relatively high. Introductory microeconomics depicts a demand curve as downward-sloping to the right and either linear or gently convex to the origin. The downwards slope generally holds, but the model of the curve is only piecewise true, as price surveys indicate that demand for a product is not a linear function of its price and not even a smooth function. Demand curves resemble a series of waves rather than a straight line. The diagram shows price points at the points labeled A, B, and C. When a vendor increases a price beyond a price point...

ISBN: 978-6-1332-4599-0
Издательство: Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011

Please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from Wikipedia or other free sources online. On the internet, a price comparison service (also known as shopping comparison or price engine) allows individuals to see different lists of prices for specific products. Most price comparison services do not sell products themselves, but source prices from retailers from whom users can buy. In the UK, these services made between 120m and 140m in revenue in 2005, and is growing at an annual rate of 30% to 50%. The internet boom of the late 1990s made price comparison profitable. Price comparison services were initially implemented as client-side add-ins to the Netscape and Internet explorer browsers, and...

ISBN: 978-6-1332-4552-5
Издательство: Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011

Please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from Wikipedia or other free sources online. A price ceiling is a government-imposed limit on the price charged for a product. Governments intend price ceilings to protect consumers from conditions that could make necessary commodities unattainable. However, a price ceiling can cause problems if imposed for a long period without controlled rationing. Price ceilings can produce negative results when the correct solution would have been to increase supply. Misuse occurs when a government misdiagnoses a price as too high when the real problem is that the supply is too low. In a market economy, or pure capitalist political/economic model, price ceilings do not...

ISBN: 978-6-1332-4400-9
Издательство: Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011

Retailers are constantly forced to make strategic decisions regarding the frequency and magnitude of price and quantity discounts. Demand studies have established that consumer response to food retail price and quantity discounts produce demand irregularities. Traditional demand analysis failed to account for demand irregularities and often result in specification bias. In a theoretical framework, demand irregularities can be explained using the concept of price points and price thresholds. Presence/absence of price points and price thresholds directly impact the profitability of the retailers. The primary contribution of this work is the development of a feasible method by which price points can be rigorously identified and incorporated...

ISBN: 978-3-6390-8445-0
Издательство: Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011

Please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from Wikipedia or other free sources online. The price discovery process (also called price discovery mechanism) is the process of determining the price of an asset in the marketplace through the interactions of buyers and sellers. Price discovery is different from valuation. Price discovery process involves buyers and sellers arriving at a transaction price for a specific item at a given time. In a dynamic market, the price discovery takes place continuously. The price will sometimes fall below the duration average and sometimes exceed the average as a result of the noise due to uncertainties. Usually, price discovery helps find the exact price for a...

ISBN: 978-6-1332-5147-2
Издательство: Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011

Please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from Wikipedia or other free sources online. Used generally to describe a series of economic events from the second half of the 15th century to the first half of the 17th, the price revolution refers most specifically to the relatively high rate of inflation that characterized the period across Western Europe, with prices on average rising perhaps sixfold over 150 years. It was once thought that this high inflation was caused by the large influx of gold and silver from the Spanish treasure fleet from the New World, especially the silver of Bolivia and Mexico which began to be mined in large quantities from 1545. According to this theory, too many people...

ISBN: 978-6-1332-4611-9
Издательство: Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011

This timely book explores Seasonal Price Instability in the Malawi Maize Market over the 21-year period from 1989 to 2009, covering five interlocking dimensions. The first establishes the reasons why maize price instability in Malawi is critical. The second sets out the causes and effects of price instability, and its relationship to the history of the maize market in Malawi, including the current policy options for Price Stabilization such as the Market Based Risk Management Options. The third analyses the average magnitude of seasonal price changes. The fourth examines competitiveness of the Malawi maize market. The fifth provides an analytic narrative account of episodes of extreme maize price volatility in Malawi. Among the findings...

ISBN: 978-3-8433-9440-6
Издательство: Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011

Please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from Wikipedia or other free sources online. Price controls are governmental impositions on the prices charged for goods and services in a market, usually intended to maintain the affordability of staple foods and goods, and to prevent price gouging during shortages, or, alternately, to insure an income for providers of certain goods. There are two primary forms of price control, a price ceiling, the maximum price that can be charged, and a price floor, the minimum price that can be charged. Historically, price controls have often been imposed as part of a larger incomes policy package also employing wage controls and other regulatory elements. This type...

ISBN: 978-6-1332-4564-8
Издательство: Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011

Please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from Wikipedia or other free sources online. Price discrimination or price differentiation exists when sales of identical goods or services are transacted at different prices from the same provider. In a theoretical market with perfect information, perfect substitutes, and no transaction costs or prohibition on secondary exchange (or re-selling) to prevent arbitrage, price discrimination can only be a feature of monopolistic and oligopolistic markets, where market power can be exercised. Otherwise, the moment the seller tries to sell the same good at different prices, the buyer at the lower price can arbitrage by selling to the consumer buying at the...

ISBN: 978-6-1332-4403-0
Издательство: Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011

Please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from Wikipedia or other free sources online. Price-based selling is a specific selling technique in which a business exclusively reduce their price in attempt to close the sales cycle. Price-based selling clearly exists in businesses such as: commodity sales, auto sales, hospitality, and even some retail stores. However, it is only recommended that commodity items like petroleum be sold exclusively by price. Selling on price is even more apparent now in the current US economy as most businesses make the switch to the lowest price approach in attempt to attract more consumers. Car insurance companies like Progressive Auto Insurance advertise specifically...

ISBN: 978-6-1332-4257-9
Издательство: Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011

Please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from Wikipedia or other free sources online. Price war is a term used in economic sector to indicate a state of intense competitive rivalry accompanied by a multi-lateral series of price reduction. One competitor will lower its price, then others will lower their prices to match. If one of them reduces their price again, a new round of reductions starts. In the short-term, price wars are good for consumers, who can take advantage of lower prices. Often they are not good for the companies involved. The lower prices reduce profit margins and can threaten their survival. In the medium to long term, they can be good for the dominant firms in the industry....

ISBN: 978-6-1332-5454-1
Издательство: Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011

Please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from Wikipedia or other free sources online. Pricing science is the application of social and business science methods to the problem of setting prices. Methods include economic modeling, statistics, econometrics, mathematical programming. This discipline had its origins in the development of yield management in the airline industry in the 1980s, and has since spread to many other sectors and pricing contexts, including yield management in other travel industry sectors, media, retail, manufacturing and distribution. Pricing science work is effectuated in a variety of ways, from strategic advice on pricing on defining segments for which pricing strategies...

ISBN: 978-6-1332-5485-5
Издательство: Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011

Please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from Wikipedia or other free sources online. Primark (branded as Penneys in the Republic of Ireland) is an Irish clothing retailer, operating over 200 stores in Ireland, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Germany, Spain, Portugal and Belgium. Whilst the company's main headquarters are based in Ireland, the chain is a subsidiary of Associated British Foods plc (ABF), and is ultimately controlled by the Weston family through Wittington Investments. The largest Primark store in the world is located on Church Street, Liverpool. Some 84,000 sq ft (7,800 m2) of retail space are spread across its five floors. It has come under scrutiny for its almost...

ISBN: 978-6-1332-6764-0
Издательство: Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011

Please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from Wikipedia or other free sources online. In metrology, a primary standard is a standard that is accurate enough that it is not calibrated by or subordinate to other standards. Primary standards are used to calibrate other standards. A primary standard in chemistry is a reliable, readily quantified substance. Metrology (from Ancient Greek metron (measure) and logos (study of)) is the science of measurement. Metrology includes all theoretical and practical aspects of measurement. Metrology is defined by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM) as "the science of measurement, embracing both experimental and theoretical determinations at any...

ISBN: 978-6-1332-8169-1
Издательство: Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011

This book deals with the basic principles of marketing and is an introductory course at undergraduate level and covers topics like:- the reasons and importance of marketing; marketing philosophy; buyer and consumer behaviour; national branding; marketing research; the 4 Ps; strategies on product, pricing, promotion and distribution; market segmentation; market targeting; positioning; vision, mission, objectives, strategies; product life cycle; Ansoff Growth Share Matrix; Porter’s generic strategies; marketing plans; TQM; ethics; corporate governance; social responsibility, among others. This book is the most appropriate and comprehensive modern book for undergraduate courses in Principles of Marketing. The book also aims to act as the...

ISBN: 978-3-8383-6416-2
Издательство: Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011

Faustino Taderera, the celebrity and towering figure, the most published, polished and celebrated Marketing, International Business Strategist, academic, icon and guru in Zimbabwe and Africa, wrote this book, Principles of International Marketing, as a compulsory course at undergraduate level for many marketing, exports, shipping, logistics and related qualifications and covers, among others:- marketing research; national branding; cargo and export credit insurance; TPOs; trading blocs; documentation; shipping and forwarding agents; export packaging; sales agents and distributors; hedging; new product development; financing for exports; export costing and pricing; national branding; risk management; pre and post- shipment inspection;...

ISBN: 978-3-8383-6674-6
Издательство: Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011

Faustino Taderera, the celebrity and towering figure, the most published, polished and celebrated Marketing, International Business & Supply Chain Strategist, academic, icon and guru in Zimbabwe and Africa, wrote this book, Principles and Practice of Exports, as a compulsory course at undergraduate and postgraduate level for many exports, shipping, logistics and related qualifications and covers, among others:- export marketing research; cargo and export credit insurance; TPOs; trading blocs; documentation; shipping and forwarding agents; export packaging; sales agents and distributors; hedging; new product development; financing for exports; export costing and pricing; national branding; risk management; pre and post-shipment...

ISBN: 978-3-8383-6567-1
Издательство: Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011

Handelsmarken gewinnen im Konsumgutermarkt immer mehr an Bedeutung. Der Konsument von heute achtet mehr als fruher auf das Preis-/ Leistungsverhaltnis und wagt ab, fur welches Produkt es sich lohnt, mehr Geld auszugeben und fur welches nicht. Heute trifft man jegliche Bevolkerungsgruppen sowohl beim Einkauf im Discounter als auch beim Einkaufen von Luxusgutern. Viele Handelsmarkenprodukte weisen in Bezug auf die Qualitat fur den Verbraucher oftmals keine wahrnehmbaren Unterschiede zu Markenprodukten mehr auf. In Private Label Entwicklungen - Massnahmen fur A-Marken, werden Grundlagen zu Marken sowie die Markenstrategien des Handels und der Hersteller behandelt. Marktanteilsentwicklungen als auch die Auswirkungen von Handels- auf...

ISBN: 978-3-6392-1712-4
Издательство: Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011

Market Orientation is a construct which has been widely discussed and researched over the last two decades. Until now it has not been studied within a specific industry with such a high impact as the medical manufacturers in the United States. This book looks at the extant literature on the topic of market orientation and builds on Narver, Slater, Данное издание не является оригинальным. Книга печатается по технологии принт-он-деманд после получения заказа.

ISBN: 978-3-8383-3028-0
Издательство: Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011

The success or failure of firms is often dependent on overcoming a series of potential barriers (such as finance, technology, training and business information, enabling environment, etc). Particularly, market information is the key to integrate and interface the market operators (i.e., the supplier, producers, and users) for speedy collection and dissemination of relevant and reliable market data in order to derive maximum advantage out of their sales and purchases. However, it is not enough for market information to be collected. It must also be disseminated in a form accessible to farmers and adapted to their needs. Disseminating accurate and timely market information not only helps farmers make profitable decisions on what to...

ISBN: 978-3-6392-3883-9
Издательство: Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011

In den letzten Jahrzehnten haben Markenartikelproduzenten und Unternehmen, als Folge der abnehmenden Akzeptanz und der sinkenden Effizienz von klassischer Werbung, nach immer wirkungsvolleren Methoden gesucht ihre Produkte bekannt zu machen und ihre Kunden zu erreichen. Das "below the line"-Instrument Product Placement ist einer der jungeren Formen dieser stetigen Weiterentwicklung der Kommunikation zum Kunden. Doch welchen Stellenwert hat das Kommunikationsinstrument Product Placement im Kommunikations-Mix tatsachlich? Wie und zu welchen Kommunikations-Zielen wird Product Placement von osterreichischen Unternehmen verwendet? Die Autorin Mag. (FH) Felizitas Steindl erlautert in dieser Arbeit detailliert den Kommunikations-Mix, die...

ISBN: 978-3-8364-8175-5
Издательство: Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011

Please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from Wikipedia or other free sources online. Product lining is the marketing strategy of offering for sale several related products. Unlike product bundling, where several products are combined into one, lining involves offering several related products individually. A line can comprise related products of various sizes, types, colors, qualities, or prices. Line depth refers to the number of product variants in a line. Line consistency refers to how closely related the products that make up the line are. Line vulnerability refers to the percentage of sales or profits that are derived from only a few products in the line. The number of different product...

ISBN: 978-6-1345-1606-8
Издательство: Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011

Der Markt fur Frauenzeitschriften ist stark umkampft. Welche Zeitschrift setzt sich unter anderen ab, welche fallt zuruck? Seit Juli 2001 gelten neue Regeln durch den Wegfall der Zugabeverordnung, womit die Verwendung von Produktzugaben erlaubt ist. Wie kann unter diesen Umstanden eine Frauenzeitschrift wie die FurSie mit Produktzugaben ihre Leserinnen unterhalten sowie potentielle Leserinnen zum Kauf animieren? Die Autorin Nicole Schmitt-Hegner analysiert qualitativ am Beispiel der FurSie die Erfolgsfaktoren von Produktzugaben bei Frauenzeitschriften. Sie gibt einfuhrend einen Uberblick uber die Grundlagen der Verkaufsforderung. Daran anschliessend stellt die Autorin die Erfolgsfaktorenforschung und ihre Methoden dar. Grundlegend fur...

ISBN: 978-3-8364-9025-2
Издательство: Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011

Kurzfilmschaffende in Osterreich sind oft von unzureichenden staatlichen Forderungen abhangig. Dieses Buch befasst sich mit Product Placement und Branded Entertainment als mogliche alternative Finanzierungsformen und behandelt die in diesem Zusammenhang stehenden wichtigen Fragen: unter welchen Umstanden zeigen Unternehmen Interesse an einer Zusammenarbeit und welche Faktoren spielen eine Rolle, sich fur oder gegen die Finanzierung eines Kurzfilms zu entscheiden. Zudem gibt Eva Reischl einen Uberblick zu den Themen Kurzfilm, osterreichische Filmforderungslandschaft, Product Placement als interessantes Kommunikationsinstrument und Branded Entertainment. Данное издание не является оригинальным....

ISBN: 978-3-6392-3574-6
Издательство: Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011

ISBN: 978-3-8383-4675-5
Издательство: Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011